Since the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Lawrence and Henry Bragg in 1915, X-ray diffraction has played an important role in elucidating the structure of matter from diamonds to DNA to the ribosome.  Two decades ago, collection and analysis of X-ray data for small molecules was often a multi-week process.  However, the recent NIH funded acquisition of a state-of-the-art diffractometer to support graduate level research in the Chemistry and Biochemistry Departments has enabled us to bring this technology to the undergraduate lab.  

The brighter x-ray source, enhanced area detector and modern software have transformed the process of determining the precise location of atoms in molecules from two weeks to two hours!  “This has transformed what we can do in a short 7-week lab experience,” states Professor Tom Richmond about his advanced Inorganic Lab course typically taken by senior chemistry majors.  Under the supervision of the X-ray Facility manager Dr. Ryan Vanderlinden, students traveled to the medical school campus and literally saw the structures solved before their eyes!  Over 20 new molecular structures were synthesized and characterized in the course and reported in a research style poster session in the Ririe (“Dinosaur”) Room of the Crocker Science Center.  Students saw symmetry in action and several printed 3D models of their molecule at the Marriott Library. 

Anthony Couey, one of the participating students, said: "I participated in Professor Richmond CHEM 5730 Advance Inorganic Chemistry lab. The class was comprised of 7 senior chemistry students divided into 3 work groups and each group was working on a different base aldehyde. My group included Greg Cook and myself and we were working with 2,6-Dichlorobenzaldehyde. We combined our aldehyde with  3-(N,N-dimenthylamino)-1-propylamine to farm a Schiff base. We then reacted our ligand with W(CO)₃(PrCN)₃ to form our final complex. The ultimate objective was to make a tungsten complex that was capable of catalytic reactions as they can act like a multitool with certain species being replaceable. To test the functionality of our complex, we reacted it with KSCN and were able to successfully replace the chlorines on our complex with thiocyanates (SCN^-). Through the entire project we determined characteristics through IR, NMR, and X-Ray Crystallography. Performing this synthesis and characterizing these structures was truly a highlight of my undergraduate career and I am certain to look back on this course fondly. The poster session was an exciting opportunity to show off our work and get feedback from some of the senior faculty. The 3D models I made for the poster session have even paid off with other professors approaching me to make models for some of their chemical structures."

Adam Ford wrote: “Performing graduate-tier research in inorganic chemistry with Professor Richmond at the helm was an amazing experience. As part of the seven people Saturday morning section, along with our amazing T.A. Haruka Takenaka, we received a lot of direct interaction with Professor Richmond. The major theme of the investigations we conducted was to react a Schiff base with a tungsten compound, ideally breaking a C-F bond in the process. I decided to pursue a naphthalene diamine backbone that I reacted with 2-chloro,4-nitrobenzaldehyde to make a symmetric ligand with tons of aromaticity and interesting properties. Most of the semester was spent attempting to prove that what I had synthesized was real, and as such, I eventually amassed quite a bit of experience in characterization techniques and methodology. At the end of the semester, I managed to grow crystals of tungsten hexacarbonyl in a melting point capillary tube, which ended up being a novel synthesis pathway for the compound. Presenting this information to faculty and other students was an awesome opportunity that allowed me to refine and clarify my findings, as well as outline all that I had learned that semester. Professor Richmond pushed me to really grow as a chemist and researcher by supporting my independent (and extremely stubborn) pursuit based upon all the knowledge I had obtained over my undergraduate career.”

2 Chlorostructure Diffractometer	CN5 4RingN Tol: Cyclohexane	Lily CN5
Perylene C6N5CF3 Tol: Cyclohexane	Ryan Explains X-Rays	W2 Chlorocrystals